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Improving water use efficiency in grain production of winter wheat and summer maize in the North China

Xiying ZHANG,Wenli QIN,Juanna XIE

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2016年 第3卷 第1期   页码 25-33 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2016090

摘要： Reducing irrigation water use by improving water use efficiency (WUE) in grain production is critical for the development of sustainable agriculture in the North China Plain (NCP). This article summarizes the research progresses in WUE improvement carried out at the Luancheng station located in the Northern part of NCP for the past three decades. Progresses in four aspects of yield and WUE improvement are presented, including yield and WUE improvement associated with cultivar selection, irrigation management for improving yield and WUE under limited water supply, managing root system for efficient soil water use and reducing soil evaporation by straw mulch. The results showed that annual average increase of 0.014 kg·m for winter wheat and 0.02 kg·m in WUE were observed for the past three decades, and this increase was largely associated with the improvement in harvest index related to cultivar renewal and an increase in chemical fertilizer use and soil fertility. The results also indicated that deficit irrigation for winter wheat could significantly reduce the irrigation water use, whereas the seasonal yield showed a smaller reduction rate and WUE was significantly improved. Straw mulching of summer maize using the straw from winter wheat could reduce seasonal soil evaporation by 30–40 mm. With new cultivars and improved management practices it was possible to further increase grain production without much increase in water use. Future strategies to further improve WUE are also discussed.

关键词： harvest index     cultivar selection     deficit irrigation     root water uptake     straw mulching    

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Effects of irrigation and nitrogen management on hybrid maize seed production in north-west China

Hui RAN,Shaozhong KANG,Fusheng LI,Ling TONG,Taisheng DU

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2016年 第3卷 第1期   页码 55-64 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2016091

摘要： Scientific irrigation and nitrogen management is important for agricultural production in arid areas. To quantify the effect of water and nitrogen management on yield components, biomass partitioning and harvest index ( ) of maize for seed production with plastic film-mulching, field experiments including different irrigation and N treatments were conducted in arid north-west China in 2013 and 2014. The results indicated that kernel number per plant ( ) was significantly affected by irrigation and N treatments. However, 100-kernel weight was relatively stable. Reducing irrigation quantity significantly increased stem partitioning index ( ) and leaf partitioning index ( ), and decreased ear partitioning index ( ) at harvest, but lowering N rate (from 500 to 100 kg N·hm ) did not significantly reduce , , and at harvest. was significantly reduced by reducing irrigation quantity, but not by reducing N rate. Linear relationships were found between , , , at harvest and and evapotranspiration ( ).

关键词： yield components     biomass partitioning     harvest index     irrigation     nitrogen     maize for seed production    

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水稻节水灌溉及其对环境的影响

茆智

《中国工程科学》 2002年 第4卷 第7期   页码 8-16

摘要：

水稻是中国最主要的粮食作物之一，其产量约占粮食作物总产量的40%；在全国约11×108hm2的粮食作物总面积中，稻田面积约占28%。20世纪80年代以来，水稻产区的水资源短缺已成为当地农业生产中的重要问题，各地试验、开发、应用与推广了许多种水稻节水灌溉模式。文章根据这些新的水稻灌溉模式试验结果与推广经验，将我国水稻节水灌溉主要模式归纳为浅、湿、晒结合，间歇淹水，半旱栽培和蓄雨型等4类。阐述了这些模式的田间水分控制标准以及节水、增产和提高水分生产率的潜力；提出了该4类模式的选择原则以及应用这些模式时应注意的问题；分析、讨论了推广这些模式能够持续节水与提高水分生产率的机理以及对环境的影响。

关键词： 水稻     节水灌溉     灌溉模式     节水潜力     环境影响    

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The effect of different agricultural management practices on irrigation efficiency, water use efficiencyand green and blue water footprint

La ZHUO, Arjen Y. HOEKSTRA

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2017年 第4卷 第2期   页码 185-194 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2017149

摘要： This paper explores the effect of varying agricultural management practices on different water efficiency indicators: irrigation efficiency (IE), crop water use efficiency (WUE), and green and blue water footprint (WF). We take winter wheat in an experimental field in Northern China as a case study and consider a dry, average and wet year. We conducted 24 modeling experiments with the AquaCrop model, for all possible combinations of four irrigation techniques, two irrigation strategies and three mulching methods. Results show that deficit irrigation most effectively improved blue water use, by increasing IE (by 5%) and reducing blue WF (by 38%), however with an average 9% yield reduction. Organic or synthetic mulching practices improved WUE (by 4% and 10%, respectively) and reduced blue WF (by 8% and 17%, respectively), with the same yield level. Drip and subsurface drip irrigation improved IE and WUE, but drip irrigation had a relatively large blue WF. Improvements in one water efficiency indicator may cause a decline in another. In particular, WUE can be improved by more irrigation at the cost of the blue WF. Furthermore, increasing IE, for instance by installing drip irrigation, does not necessarily reduce the blue WF.

关键词： field management     irrigation efficiency     water footprint     water productivity     water use efficiency    

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Alternate partial root-zone irrigation with high irrigation frequency improves root growth and reducesunproductive water loss by apple trees in arid north-west China

Shaoqing DU, Ling TONG, Shaozhong KANG, Fusheng LI, Taisheng DU, Sien LI, Risheng DING

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2018年 第5卷 第2期   页码 188-196 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2017176

摘要： Alternate partial root-zone irrigation (APRI) can improve water use efficiency in arid areas. However, the effectiveness and outcomes of different frequencies of APRI on water uptake capacity and physiological water use have not been reported. A two-year field experiment was conducted with two irrigation amounts (400 and 500 mm) and three irrigation methods (conventional irrigation, APRI with high and low frequencies). Root length density, stomatal conductance, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, leaf water use efficiency, midday stem and leaf water potentials were measured. The results show that in comparison with conventional irrigation, APRI with high frequency significantly increased root length density and decreased water potentials and stomatal conductance. No differences in the above indicators between the two APRI frequencies were detected. A significantly positive relationship between stomatal conductance and root length density was found under APRI. Overall, alternate partial root-zone irrigation with high frequency has a great potential to promote root growth, expand water uptake capacity and reduce unproductive water loss in the arid apple production area.

关键词： alternate partial root-zone irrigation     apple tree     leaf water use efficiency     root length density     stomatal conductance     water potential    

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Crack detection for wading-concrete structures using water irrigation and electric heating

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2023年 第17卷 第3期   页码 368-377 doi: 10.1007/s11709-022-0926-x

摘要： Cracking in wading-concrete structures has a worse impact on structural safety compared with conventional concrete structures. The accurate and timely monitoring of crack development plays a significant role in the safety of wading-concrete engineering. The heat-transfer rate near a crack is related to the flow velocity of the fluid in the crack. Based on this, a novel crack-identification method for underwater concrete structures is presented. This method uses water irrigation to generate seepage at the interface of a crack; then, the heat-dissipation rate in the crack area will increase because of the convective heat-transfer effect near the crack. Crack information can be identified by monitoring the cooling law and leakage flow near cracks. The proposed mobile crack-monitoring system consists of a heating system, temperature-measurement system, and irrigation system. A series of tests was conducted on a reinforced-concrete beam using this system. The crack-discrimination index ψ was defined, according to the subsection characteristics of the heat-source cooling curve. The effects of the crack width, leakage flow, and relative positions of the heat source and crack on ψ were studied. The results showed that the distribution characteristics of ψ along the monitoring line could accurately locate the crack, but not quantify the crack width. However, the leakage flow is sensitive to the crack width and can be used to identify it.

关键词： structural health monitoring     underwater concrete structure     fiber Bragg grating     crack detection     temperature tracer method    

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节水灌溉管理智能决策支持系统研究

汪志农,吕宏兴,王密侠,熊运章,马孝义

《中国工程科学》 2001年 第3卷 第7期   页码 48-53

摘要：

应用人工智能中的专家系统技术，开发并集成了3个不同层次的节水灌溉管理决策支持系统：灌溉预报与节水灌溉决策子系统、灌区计划用水与水量调配管理系统、灌区管理体制改革子系统；介绍了节水灌溉管理智能决策支持系统的理论基础，系统结构，实际应用以及陕西省旱情决策子系统等。

关键词： 灌溉预报     节水灌溉     灌溉管理     智能决策支持系    

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Effect of a new antitranspirant on the physiology and water use efficiency of soybean under differentirrigation rates in an arid region

Shasha JI, Ling TONG, Fusheng LI, Hongna LU, Sien LI, Taisheng DU, Youjie WU

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2017年 第4卷 第2期   页码 155-164 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2017148

摘要： Antitranspirants are exogenous substances applied to leaves to reduce luxury transpiration by regulating stomatal conductance to increase water use efficiency (WUE). A cheap and environmentally-friendly antitranspirant, FZ, was newly developed, extracted mainly from . Its effects on soybean water use were investigated in a field experiment using the locally-used irrigation rate and a low irrigation rate (The lower and upper limit of irrigation is 40%–70% of field capacity). Foliar application of FZ and measurement of leaf physiological characteristics, final biomass, seed yield and water use efficiency were carried out during the pod bearing and pod filling stages of drip-irrigated soybean with film-mulching. Under the low irrigation rate, leaf stomatal conductance (g ) and transpiration rate (Tr) decreased significantly by 7 d after spraying, but photosynthesis (Pn) and instantaneous water use efficiency (WUE ) were not significantly affec ted. The stomatal frequency, stomatal aperture, g , Tr and Pn decreased by 1 d after spraying, without significantly increasing WUE . However, applying FZ during the pod bearing and pod filling stages did not significantly affect the final biomass, water consumption, seed yield and WUE of soybean. Under the locally-used irrigation rate, applying FZ increased the activities of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase in the leaves by 38% and 33%, respectively, but did not significantly affect g , Tr, Pn, stomatal aperture and stomatal frequency. Applying FZ three times during pod bearing and pod filling stages enhanced seed yield and WUE by 24% and 21%, respectively, but did not significantly affect the final biomass and water consumption. Therefore, seed yield and WUE of soybean were significantly increased by foliar application of FZ during the pod bearing and pod filling stages under the locally-used irrigation rate in arid region, but applying FZ did not have a positive effect on water use efficiency of soybean under a low irrigation rate.

关键词： antitranspirant     soybean     water deficit     leaf gas exchange     enzymes activities     water consumption     seed yield    

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Fertilizer drawn forward osmosis as an alternative to 2nd pass seawater reverse osmosis: Estimation of boron removal and energy consumption

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2021年 第15卷 第6期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-021-1428-0

摘要：

• The boron concentration in diluted DS can satisfy the irrigation water standard.

关键词： Fertilizer drawn forward osmosis (FDFO)     Boron removal     Specific energy consumption (SEC)     Seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO)     Irrigation water production    

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Long-term simulation of growth stage-based irrigation scheduling in maize under various water constraints

Quanxiao FANG, Liwang MA, Lajpat Rai AHUJA, Thomas James TROUT, Robert Wayne MALONE, Huihui ZHANG, Dongwei GUI, Qiang YU

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2017年 第4卷 第2期   页码 172-184 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2017139

摘要： Due to varying crop responses to water stress at different growth stages, scheduling irrigation is a challenge for farmers, especially when water availability varies on a monthly, seasonal and yearly basis. The objective of this study was to optimize irrigation between the vegetative (V) and reproductive (R) phases of maize under different available water levels in Colorado. Long-term (1992–2013) scenarios simulated with the calibrated Root Zone Water Quality Model were designed to meet 40%–100% of crop evapotranspiration (ET) requirements at V and R phases, subject to seasonal water availabilities (300, 400, 500 mm, and no water limit), with and without monthly limits (total of 112 scenarios). The most suitable irrigation between V and R phases of maize was identified as 60/100, 80/100, and 100/100 of crop ET requirement for the 300, 400, 500 mm water available, respectively, based on the simulations from 1992 to 2013. When a monthly water limit was imposed, the corresponding suitable irrigation targets between V and R stages were 60/100, 100/100, and 100/100 of crop ET requirement for the above three seasonal water availabilities, respectively. Irrigation targets for producing higher crop yield with reduced risk of poor yield were discussed for projected five-year water availabilities.

关键词： RZWQM     ET-based irrigation schedule     maize     water constrains    

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采用水肥一体化技术统筹工农业协调发展

安 迪,王亭杰,金 涌

《中国工程科学》 2015年 第17卷 第5期   页码 120-125

摘要：

我国化肥利用率低，面源污染严重，同时农业耗水量大，水资源短缺问题突出。本文提出一种以水肥一体化滴灌技术为核心的高效设施农业发展方式。通过滴灌技术可以实现养分和水对作物的定量供应，提高化肥利用率并提高灌溉用水效率和作物产量；将过滤后的沼肥沼液与滴灌相结合，可将畜禽粪便和农作物秸秆变废为宝，改善农村生态环境；工业上排放的CO2经过无害化处理后，可通入附近的温室大棚，为作物提供碳源；应用和推广水肥一体化滴灌技术，能够拉动聚氯乙烯（PVC）的需求，消化部分PVC的过剩产能，进而拉动氯碱行业。通过滴灌设备租赁、废旧设备回收环节，完善整个产业链条，统筹协调工业农业平衡发展。

关键词： 化肥；节水；利用率；滴灌；PVC    

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我国典型作物用水特征及现代农业灌溉技术模式

张宝忠, 彭致功, 雷波, 杜丽娟, 王蕾, 刘钰

《中国工程科学》 2018年 第20卷 第5期   页码 77-83 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2018.05.012

摘要：

理清农作物用水特征、灌溉技术模式、现代农业灌溉体系等问题，对提高农业用水效率和实现农业水资源持续利用具有重要现实意义。本文以我国综合农业分区为基础，重点以黄淮海小麦产区、东北水稻产区、长江中下游水稻产区、四川盆地水稻产区、内蒙古东部牧区、广西甘蔗产区及新疆棉花产区等为主要分区，分析了典型作物的灌溉制度特点与规律，筛选出优化技术模式，同时提出了现代农业灌溉的技术特点及政策保障体系。主要结论如下：①对各综合农业分区主要作物采用优化灌溉制度，保证作物缺水敏感期水分供应，节约灌溉水量，稳产同时提高水分生产率；②针对各综合分区特点及限制因素，筛选出先进节水技术模式并推广应用，确保优化灌溉制度精准实施，实现了区域农业综合生产能力提高；③为适应和支撑现代农业生产和经营体系，提出了基于信息技术的现代灌溉技术及其相应的融资机制、水权管理机制等政策保障体系。

关键词： 灌溉需水量     用水效率     技术模式     现代农业    

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Revisiting solar hydrogen production through photovoltaic-electrocatalytic and photoelectrochemical water

《能源前沿（英文）》 2021年 第15卷 第3期   页码 596-599 doi: 10.1007/s11708-021-0745-0

摘要： Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting is regarded as a promising way for solar hydrogen production, while the fast development of photovoltaic-electrolysis (PV-EC) has pushed PEC research into an embarrassed situation. In this paper, a comparison of PEC and PV-EC in terms of efficiency, cost, and stability is conducted and briefly discussed. It is suggested that the PEC should target on high solar-to-hydrogen efficiency based on cheap semiconductors in order to maintain its role in the technological race of sustainable hydrogen production.

关键词： hydrogen production     photovoltaic     electrocatalysis     photoelectrocatalysis     water splitting    

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北方缺水地区半旱地农业有限补灌模式探讨

李英能

《中国工程科学》 2012年 第14卷 第3期   页码 41-45

摘要：

以降水利用和灌溉程度为依据，对半旱地农业进行了研究，着重讨论了与半旱地农业涵义有关的问题，论述了在北方缺水地区发展半旱地农业的意义，给出了半旱地农业有限补灌技术模式。针对北方缺水地区的特点，提出了不同类型区半旱地农业有限补灌发展模式，并探讨了北方缺水地区半旱地农业发展有限补灌的策略。

关键词： 半旱地     农业     有限补灌     模式    

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我国农业水资源形势与高效利用战略举措

王浩,汪林,杨贵羽,贾玲,姚懿真,张瑀桐

《中国工程科学》 2018年 第20卷 第5期   页码 9-15 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2018.05.002

摘要：

21 世纪以来，我国耕地面积、灌溉面积和粮食主产区不断向北方集中，北粮南运进一步加剧了水土资源错位，农业水资源胁迫度增加，黄河以北主产区地下水利用难以持续。为支撑国家粮食安全，提供合理的农业水资源基本保障，本文在系统梳理我国农业水资源形势、粮食生产与消费状况、粮食作物灌溉需求空间分布与适水种植区域等基础上，以满足未来粮食消费需求、不逾越用水总量控制红线为目标，倒逼灌溉规模和灌溉方式调整，采用定额法核算了2025 年、2030 年农田灌溉水资源需求阈值。结果表明：保障未来1×109 亩（1 亩≈ 666.667 m2 ）高标准农田用水需求，须在强化节水条件下保障农 田灌溉基本用水底线 3.23×1011 m3 ，开发利用非常规水源约 6.44×109 m3 ；提出应以适水种植提高雨水的利用，强化工程节 水和农艺节水提高灌溉水的利用，增加非常规水利用和强化管理等为重点，建设节水高效的现代灌溉农业和集雨增效的现代 旱作农业战略举措。

关键词： 农业水资源     农田灌溉用水阈值     现代旱作农业     现代灌溉农业     适水种植     战略举措    

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标题 作者 时间 类型 操作

Improving water use efficiency in grain production of winter wheat and summer maize in the North China

Xiying ZHANG,Wenli QIN,Juanna XIE

期刊论文

Effects of irrigation and nitrogen management on hybrid maize seed production in north-west China

Hui RAN,Shaozhong KANG,Fusheng LI,Ling TONG,Taisheng DU

期刊论文

水稻节水灌溉及其对环境的影响

茆智

期刊论文

The effect of different agricultural management practices on irrigation efficiency, water use efficiencyand green and blue water footprint

La ZHUO, Arjen Y. HOEKSTRA

期刊论文

Alternate partial root-zone irrigation with high irrigation frequency improves root growth and reducesunproductive water loss by apple trees in arid north-west China

Shaoqing DU, Ling TONG, Shaozhong KANG, Fusheng LI, Taisheng DU, Sien LI, Risheng DING

期刊论文

Crack detection for wading-concrete structures using water irrigation and electric heating

期刊论文

节水灌溉管理智能决策支持系统研究

汪志农,吕宏兴,王密侠,熊运章,马孝义

期刊论文

Effect of a new antitranspirant on the physiology and water use efficiency of soybean under differentirrigation rates in an arid region

Shasha JI, Ling TONG, Fusheng LI, Hongna LU, Sien LI, Taisheng DU, Youjie WU

期刊论文

Fertilizer drawn forward osmosis as an alternative to 2nd pass seawater reverse osmosis: Estimation of boron removal and energy consumption

期刊论文

Long-term simulation of growth stage-based irrigation scheduling in maize under various water constraints

Quanxiao FANG, Liwang MA, Lajpat Rai AHUJA, Thomas James TROUT, Robert Wayne MALONE, Huihui ZHANG, Dongwei GUI, Qiang YU

期刊论文

采用水肥一体化技术统筹工农业协调发展

安 迪,王亭杰,金 涌

期刊论文

我国典型作物用水特征及现代农业灌溉技术模式

张宝忠, 彭致功, 雷波, 杜丽娟, 王蕾, 刘钰

期刊论文

Revisiting solar hydrogen production through photovoltaic-electrocatalytic and photoelectrochemical water

期刊论文

北方缺水地区半旱地农业有限补灌模式探讨

李英能

期刊论文

我国农业水资源形势与高效利用战略举措

王浩,汪林,杨贵羽,贾玲,姚懿真,张瑀桐

期刊论文